In the united States we do not need to plan for retirement Social Essay

In the united States we do not need to plan for retirement Social Security bequeath cover our needs when we retired - evidence ExampleThey think they be entitled to their monetary contributions which they had earned by virtue of their retirement. However, the American government indicated clearly even from the start when the natural law was sign(a) that affectionate hostage is not intended to be the sole income source of retired pack. What the government had in mind when creating social security was to provide an alternative for people who are down and out financially but never to support them entirely for the rest of their lives. The intention was to supplement whatever incomes the retired people may have. It is also unrealistic to expect the United States government to provide for the financial, medical and other basic needs of retirees when the economics of doing so dictates otherwise. Social security became a law as Americas response to the Great Depression in which milli ons of workers were thrown out of work. The economy was in a shambles and it was the government just which had the means to help these millions of poor workers who are able to work but cannot find work. Capitalism and free markets had collapsed but once the economy recovers, people are expected to find gainful employment again and set aside some money for their retirement by saving and investing part of their take and salaries for retirement aims. Discussion Social security benefits are projected based on so many external factors just like any insurance policy political program. Put simply, making projections even with the most powerful computer models cannot ensure any accurate outcomes. Additionally, many people have the wrong perceptions and concepts of the social security program. This safety-net law was to provide benefits for working people on their retirement, any disability, survivorship (for dependents) and death. Over the years, many other benefits were added such(pren ominal) as those amendments for a Supplemental Security Income program for the aged, the blind and the disabled persons (although this is managed separately) even though they had not worked a single day before and did not contribute any social security taxes. The social security system of the United States of America works just as an insurance program would. This means it works on the assumption that everyone will be covered and all workers who are gainfully employed will contribute to the program to make it viable. Social security works on the idea that essay is spread over a big proportion of the working population. Additionally, the ideal should be more workers paying contributions to support the retired or elderly people who will now draw down on their contributions to support themselves. The social security fund comes from contributions made by people of working age. It means demographic shifts such as the graying of the population has a big impact on the future financial viab ility of the program. Actuarial calculations are just best estimates or assumptions about fertility, emotional state expectancy, quality of health care and state of the economy these factors determine the funds financial viability. The ideal set-up for social security would be workers supporting logger retired workers. When it began in 1935, the contributions of 17 workers had paid for the benefits of one retiree. By 2035, the ratio is estimated to be only 2.1 workers per beneficiary. This situation clearly is financially not sustainable to continue expectant benefits. The reduced ratio of contributing workers

Human Resources Development in Qatar Petroleum Research Proposal

Human Resources Development in Qatar Petroleum - Research Proposal ExampleOn the some other hand, there are some difficulties that are commonly experienced by all employees and they have difficulties in dealing with such issues. Such difficulties include still are not limited to limited funds of the organization, unequal distribution of resources at all levels in the organizational structure, and the criteria of eligibility established by the organization to allot providing the employees with opportunities of phylogeny. The target of this report is to offer a clear and practicable technique on managing career development in the organizational context of Qatar Petroleum (QP). QP has demonstrable a Strategic Qatarization Plan where employees within the organization can be trained and developed so that they are equipped with the skills needed to achieve the goals of the problem and address the needs of competencies and capabilities in Qatar labor market. It will be a quantitative research in which data will be collected from the employees of QP by questionnaires consisting of both open and closed questions. Closed questions would be used to collect the demographics of the survey respondents whereas open-ended questions will be asked to explore their views about effective slipway to manage career development (Qatar Petroleum, 2013).Qatar Petroleum (QP) is a well-known organization in Oil and Gas industry. QP is focusing on achieving their objectives such as long-run strategic targets such as developing their employees in order for them to achieve higher positions and improve their performance in work. To achieve this, QP offers good opportunities for employment and development to all employees in general and the Qatari employees in particular because they have been highly recommended by H. H. Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani who is the Emir of the state of Qatar and upon the recommendation the government minister of Energy and Industry (Qatar Petroleum, 2013).The idea started when the numbers of Qatari employees serving at

Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature review ExampleThis paper aims to analyze the literature available on the concept of node satisfaction hence it is divided into two major sections for the purpose of defining a flow. Initially a very concise review of the concept itself is provided, in light of the literature available, it is then extended to cover and analyze in detail the parallel notion of table service quality which is often at propagation considered to be in correlation with guest satisfaction. The second section focuses on the specific service industry aspect of E-banking services, the service itself is explained and described, followed by an analysis with regards to service quality in the E-banking sector, and furthermore in order to narrow the case in focus, the service quality of E-banking in the Saudi Arabian banking sector is taken under consideration. All the analysis is in light of the literature available with regards to the topics under study. ... tion as a concept has occupied a unique personate in marketing practice and research on business office of the academia, since the initial research and study undertaken by Cardozo (Cardozo, 1965) on the topics of customer efforts, their expectations and most importantly their satisfaction. unheeding of the fact that the researchers and analysts around the globe have put in great effort and numerous attempts have been made at defining the notion of customer satisfaction and its measurement, there still exists no consensus amongst them. Customer satisfaction is most commonly regarded as the post consumption feeling and the evaluation on part of the customer about a particular product of service (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996). It is a judgment based on evaluation of the pre-consumption expectations from a product/service and the mathematical process of the product on that scale of perception according to the post-consumption experience (Oliver, 1980). The concept which is most widely accepted and related to customer satisfaction is the concept is the anticipation disconfirmation theory, this was a theory devised by Oliver who claimed that satisfaction level is the gap between the expectation and the actual performance of a product. Satisfaction, which is regarded as the coercive disconfirmation, occurs when the products performance is better than the expectation, while on the contrary, when the performance is less than the expectation then it is termed negative disconfirmation, or in simple language as dissatisfaction (McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000). Studies throughout time have shown that customer satisfaction has a major impact on business results, and it has been claimed that customer satisfaction has a unequivocal relation with business

Short Answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short Answer - Assignment ExampleThe intercessions become more dedicated and intricate as the stratagems occupied at a particular present are looked into.10. The watchword is to challenge the negativities and encourage the positive aspects. For example, when the light is put on, the darkness automatically disappears. If the procedure has to work, it should include viability, desirability and efficacy. The responsibility rests upon teachers as well as the parents. Their positive dispositions leave an effect as for the teens capability to partake in societal and activities in the educational institution. The three areas of insufficiency abilities elucidated are communications skills, social skills and self-management skills. Constructive behavior backing, being primarily a teaching method, is successful.11. Certain broad factors compulsion to be identified such as goal identification, collecting information, developing assumptions, support plan design, execution and watching. Prima ry prevention approaches focus on intercessions employed on an educational institution-wise system for learners. This stage of deterrence is defined primary because majority of the students are treated on identical terms, also relating to identical stage to the intercession. The primary deterrence level is of consequence by the numerical point of view. Secondary level interventions are for a small and limited group as per the exclusive requirements of the students of this group which include societal backing like sharpening social skills by specific exercises or educational sustenance. Tertiary-level packages are mostly intensive or individual-based intercessions and are the most inclusive and intricate. Behavioral strategies categorized under PBS are many to enable toe students to transform their behavior. Some of these strategies are delivered with the consultation process by teachers. To prevent the most severe forms of problem behaviors, normal social behavior in

What the Popes could have done differently to avoid the reformation Term Paper

What the Popes could have done differently to avoid the reformation - Term base ExampleEurope ultimately separated into two The Protestant in the north and the Catholic in the south (Saint-Clair, 7).The Protestant renovation was a Christian progress that took place in Europe in the 16th century. This reformation rooted out of antagonism to apparent illegal behavior and corruption at bottom the Roman Catholic Church. The reformation is generally alleged to have begun in 1517. Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the adit of Castle Church in this year, which had the virtue that shook the world and drastically renewed the church of Christ (Engelsma, 3). Historians argue that the Protestant reclamation ended in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia. The treaty ended the blood-spattered fight of the Reformation period. In western history, the Reformation is considered as one of the most significant events. This is due to its radical switchover of thoughts and political reformation (Bra dy, 1).Luthers discrepancy with the principles of the Roman Catholic Church set out a series of proceedings that in a few decades shattered Germanys religious harmony. Luther is considered as the inventor of the Protestant Reformation due to the influence of his thoughts and the vast authority of his writings. Among many who were appalled by unconvinced mechanistic religious services and widespread church dishonesty, Luther speedily acquired a huge fraction of them. Many who followed him were lured by his argument that religion must be simplified into a secure connection of human beings with God, devoid of the massive intercession of the Roman Catholic Church and its accumulation of custom (Snell, 3).Luther did not aim to establish the Reformation when he posted his 95 Theses on the door of the church. He had no plan whatsoever of disjointing from the church whose head was the Pope and whose head office was Rome. His intention with the Theses was the modification of certain behavio rs and the teachings that fashioned

Study of Integrated Science Essay Example for Free

Study of coordinated acquisition EssayThe peachyness of intuition in instantlys world is overwhelming and thitherfore the teaching system throughout the world has ge bed itself to t terminaler the required training in scientific skills to incur this growing ch eitherenge. Many countries have transformed themselves from unworthy feudal type economies through the increasing application of light and technology. China and India be two owing(p) examples as they have grown to live economic and industrial power houses and in several ways compete strongly with developed countries.Any expanse which does not give the needed assistance to the study of information usually lacks development. Through science, bridges be constructed, vehicles manufactured, roads constructed and friendship expanded. In spite of the relevancy of science mentioned above, the pupils of Mampamhwe M/A JHS 2 have difficulty in studying and understanding science. The three expectations of pure sci ence and one applied science (Agricultural science) have been combined to form the basis for the study of science at the subaltern steep cultivate. Collectively, they are known as integrated science.During the end-of-term examination, less than 40% of the thirty five (35) pupils in the class barely get above the average mark of fifty (50) in integrated science. The pupils mentality that, integrated science is difficult and poor methods of teaching washbasin be counted as factors that have facilitated the poor execution of the pupils in the subject. Not using the scientific method of solving chores in the teaching of scientific problems and solving practical questions raises an eyebrow on how pupils stinkpot grasp the c at oncepts of the subject.With pupils living in a community which major problem is farming (cocoa to be precise) and pupils themselves engaging in farming activities, it would have served as a good ground for the application of agricultural science and biolog y which forms vox of integrated science. But this seems not to be the case with the pupils. With the relevance of the study of science to the improvement of the pupils mind and lifespan and too to the community as a farming one, prompted the police detective to study and investigate ways of improving the study of integrated science at JHS 2. Statement of the problemThe problem which prompted the detective to postulate out this look into is the poor mental process of pupils in integrated science among the JHS 2 pupils of Mampamhwe M/A. It is therefore against this background that the detective has decided to use the existential approach to cooperate solve this problem. Purpose of the study The reason why the investigator is carrying out this enquiry is to a) Identify the causes of the poor performance of pupils of Mampamhwe M/A JHS 2 in integrated science. b) Assess the effects of the poor performance in integrated science on the pupils. ) Establish possible solutions t hat can help solve the poor performance in integrated science. d) Provide teachers with some guidelines in improving the teaching and studying of integrated science. e) Help parents understand the conditions that they can put in home to help their wards improve their performance in integrated science. f) Provide suggestions to managers of education in Ghana when planning the syllabus. look questions Research questions for this study include the following i) What difficulties do pupils of Mampamhwe M/A JHS 2 face in the study of integrated science? i) What are the major causes of the poor performance of the pupils in integrated science? iii) What are the curb hindrances that can be taken to address the problem? iv) What is the effect of the project on the problem? Significance of the study This research will help pupils to recognize effective ways of gibeedness integrated science which can bring about an ameliorate performance in the subject. It will in any case help teachers of integrated science to vary their techniques or methods of teaching and choose methods according to the genius of the topic.Last scarce not least, it will also enable curriculum planners to include this practical work in the JHS science syllabus so that pupils at the junior high give instructions can make use of it. Delimitations This project work is limited to improving the performance of integrated science among nevertheless JHS 2 pupils of Mampamhwe M/A. This is because that is the class that the researcher was assigned to teach and has fair knowledge of their reading abilities. Also, out of all the subjects on the JHS 2 timetable, the researcher chose to carry out his research on only integrated science since its the subject assigned to him to teach.Last but not least, there were many approaches that could have been used for this study but the researcher deemed it best to use the experiential approach Organization of the study The research work is organized in five of import chapters. Chapter one is titled asylum and it comprises the background to the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research questions, significance of the study, delimitations, limitations and organization of the study. Chapter two is the review of related literature. It consists of the estimates and views of otherwise writers, internet and other sources.Chapter three discusses the methodology which includes the research design, population and sample survival of the fittest, research instrument, data collection procedure and data analysis plan. Chapter four considers the analysis of data based on the findings and discussions of the findings. The last chapter summarizes, concludes and also makes recommendation after the study. Literature review Review of related literature in this chapter involves the systematic identification, location and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem.It is knowing to review works on the i mportance of the study of science in the basic school. The knowledge gained through the study of science plays an important role in the general education of the school curriculum, therefore, a large number of studies pertaining to the teaching and learning of science by many educationist and writers. This chapter considers the contributions of other researchers and their proposal suggestions for correcting these difficulties. The contributions are placed under the following headings in this chapter. Definitions of science. What is integrated science? importance of science. Importance of science education as a school subject. Causes of poor performance of pupils in integrated science. Experiential method of teaching. Definitions of science According to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is Knowledge attained through study or practice, or Knowledge redressing general truths of the operation of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through s cientific method and pertain with the earthy world. information refers to a system of acquiring knowledge.This system uses observation and tasteation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it. (http//www. sciencemadesimple. com) According to Wikipedia (2012), scholarship is obtained from the Latin word scientia, it means knowledge. It furthered on to say that, science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.An older and virtually related meaning still in use today is that found for example in Aristotle, whereby science refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Science). It goes on to say that, in modern use, science is a term which much often refers to a way of engage knowledge, and not the knowledge itself. Dictionary. com (2012) defines science as a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically ordered and showing the operation of general laws.World English Dictionary (2009) also defines science as the systematic study of the nature and behavior of the material and natural universe, based on observation, experiment, and measurement, and the formula of laws to describe these facts in general terms. The medical dictionary (2002) also says science isthe observation, identification, description, experimental probe, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. Such activities cut back to explaining a limited class of natural phenomena.Such activities applied to an object of inquiry or study. The science dictionary (2002) also defines science as the investigation of natural phenomena through observation, theoretical exp lanation, and experimentation, or the knowledge produced by much(prenominal) investigation. It continues to state that science makes use of the scientific method, which includes the careful observation of natural phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis, the conducting of one or more experiments to test the hypothesis, and the drawing of a conclusion that onfirms or modifies the hypothesis. In general, science can be defined as the systematic observation and classification of natural phenomena in order to learn about them and bring them under general principles and laws. According to Twumasi (2009), Science has three briny branches, namely Chemistry, Biology and Physics. Chemistry is an experimental study of substances and the useful compounds that can be formed from these substances. Chemistry also has three branches which include inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.Physics is concerned with the forces that exist between objects and the interrelationships between matter an d null. Biology is the study of living things and their interactions with the surroundings. Biology is also divided into plants, animals and ecology. What is integrated science? merged Science is a straight forward, easy-to-read, but substantial introduction to the fundamental behavior of matter and energy in living and non-living systems.It is intended to serve the involve of non-science individuals who are required to complete one or more science courses as part of a general or basic studies requirement. It introduces basic concepts and mention ideas while providing opportunities for students to learn reasoning skills and a new way of thinking about their environment. According to wiki. answers. com, integrated science is a combine study of all areas of the sciences or the introduction of some areas in sciences.It goes on to try to oppositeiate between science and integrated science by explaining that integrated science is a course with merged topics like biology, chemistry, etc. whilst science is a big body of knowledge, it is about everything around us even inside our own body. Importance of science Below are some importance of science as identified by www. mikebrotherton. com. 1. Science exercises the mind and teaches logical thinking. 2. Science encourages skepticism and question assumptions and looking at things in different ways. 3.Making important decisions based on science instead of superstition or demagoguery or hate or fear etc often produces better results. 4. The techniques of science (logic, testing hypothesis, gathering, data, etc) can be applied in day by day life for small personal problems and activities (purchasing decisions, vie games, cooking, debugging software, etc), not just for big issues like physics, astronomy, technological development, etc. 5. Through the study of science, horrible diseases can be cured, or prevented entirely, and it can still proffer hope for those with as-yet-incurable diseases. . Through science, peo ple who love each other can talk to each other whenever they want no matter how far aside they are in the world, and can be together the next day through improved ways of communication and transport. 7. Science can show us what has caused mass extinctions and point the way to preventing similar catastrophes in the future. 8. Science can make us feel big and special for understanding the age of the Earth, the nature of stars, and the size of the universe, even if those things dwarf us. 9.Science gives us superpowers, like looking across the universe, seeing atoms, flying across the Earth or to the moon, moving mountains, and harnessing the energy of the sun. 10. Science has helped us to understand ourselves and the environment. 11. It shows the best way of solving problems. Importance of science education as a school subject Science, as a subject is universal and knows no boundaries. The claims of Science for inclusion in the school curriculum came to be recognized after years of act ive and persistent efforts.Science almost revolutionarized human life and proved indispensable for existence of man. Now, supremacy of Science has been established in every field. In fact, so great is its importance for man and society that the certify day people live in an age of science. No one perhaps needs an explanation at present to include science in the school curriculum. Canon Wilson, a famous educationist in 1867, in support of inclusion of science as a School subject wrote, Science teaches what evidence is, what proof is. English, History, Geography, Classics etc. re taught because they provide a liberal education. The main object of imparting education is to offer out intelligent citizens able to appreciate and enjoy the beauty and wonder of Nature. They should be efficient in all walks of life and should take delight in the wealth of culture of past generations and civilizations. Hence, Science should form an essential part of the curriculum as it is the only subject which affords knowledge of certain facts and laws and helps in achieving the main object of education. According to www. preservearticles. om, Prakash (2011), the following are the arguments in favor of integrated Science to be placed in School Curriculum 1. Science provides alone(p) training in observation and reasoning. Science students reason from definitely ascertained facts and form clear concepts. It makes one systematic and enables him to form an objective judgment. 2. The discoveries have added to the prosperity of human race with vast increase of knowledge. Herbert Spencer in his, What Knowledge is of Most Worth gives information which study of Science furnishes. According to him, Science learning is incomparably more useful for our guidance in life.Other chief subjects too provide an intellectual training not inferior to that of Science. Practically, we live in a world of scientific discoveries. So science education cannot be neglected. 3. Prof. H. E. Armstrong says that Science is taught to provide training in and knowledge of Scientific method, which is useful in the life pursuits. So this needs a School base of Science education. 4. Science has its cultural value. It has a literature of its own. The Scientific discoveries of Galileo, Newton, Faraday, Darwin, Pasteur, Kelvin, Bose, Armstrong and others are treasures of mankind.So, Science has won the start-off rank of humanistic studies. 5. Science has utilitarian value. It trains the child to use his leisure properly. These are clearly illustrated in scientific hobbies. 6. Modern knowledge of Science provides great intellectual pleasure. An educated person is under very great disadvantage if he is not familiar with that knowledge. 7. Knowledge of the methods of observation and experiment in the different branches of Science helps pupils to develop a logical mind, a critical judgment and a capacity for methodical organization. . Science is useful in that it remedies some of the defects of the f amiliar school education. It is found to be the most valuable element in the education of those who show special aptitude. Science provides discipline of mind. Causes of poor performance of pupils in integrated science The poor performance of pupils in integrated science can be attributed to many factors. Alsop (1985) said if science is to be learned affectively it moldiness be downd, (UNESCO, 1973). The laboratory is a unique fact of science education.Tamir (1989) also said that in the developing countries especially sub Saharan Africa, there are a number of factors contributing to the poor performance in science. Thus low per capital income, predominantly rural populations, economy based on patriarchal products, run into of political independence and limited access to school particularly at the secondary level. The sub Saharan Africa is the region which has the greatest difficulties in providing the popular facilities of trained teachers, laboratories and equipment for teach ing practical science. Also Toh (1990) said, prior knowledge, attitude to school, attitude to cience and academic self concept affect success in the performance in science investigation, and he continued to say that explicit understanding is not adequate for success in science investigation. Moreover, Torto (2003) said, gender disparity in education also leads to poor performance in science especially among woman. She said, distaff still have low access to education, low participation and poor performance in many subject. Many factors which are home, community and school based, continue to restrict development female education she said further that, factors within the classroom are not only uses of gender imbalances in education.Home based factors which include family size, household income, parents education, cultural and traditional beliefs all contributed substantially to poor female enrolment in school. Gott and Mishiter (1987) also added that, science education is in a state o f rapid change. In recent years there has been an ongoing study concerning the importance of concepts and process in our science courses. This debate has been brought into tighter focus since the autumn of 1988 in England and Whales with the advent of the national curriculum in science.Shito (1958) stated in the daily graphic that the community regards science students who are females as witches and ugly. In addition to this, Femsa project staff (1995) conducted and presented a research on the availability of resources and facilities for teaching and learning science as well as mathematics in Africa. They said that, where resources and facilities such as teacher textbooks, laboratories, chemicals, tools, textbooks, laboratory tools and equipment, teaching aids, store, office etc. are inadequate, it makes the teaching of science to become teacher centered.This type of approach is heavily dominated by the teacher as he or she lectures the subject, gives notes and demonstrates the pra ctical perspective of the lessons. The students remain passive participants expected to listen and observe only. July (1925) said if science education is to be lectures and demonstration, then no results could be achieved in the future. He also added that any school that claims to teach science only theoretically is not a school. Morii (1434) said, a teacher is capable of teaching and implementing quality education if he is accustomed what he is suppose to be given (an ancient scientist. He also added that the poor performance of science is due to low motivation given to teachers. According to Dzama (1999) causes of poor performance of pupils in science is as a results of absence of vocational incentives rather than by conflict between science and African traditional values and beliefs. He argued that conflict between science and traditional beliefs and values is not peculiar to Africans. He also demonstrated that in the suppuration of science in developed countries, improvement in the performance of students succeeded rather than proceeded industrial and technological development.Experiential method of teaching According to Wikipedia (2012), experiential learning is the process of making meaning from direct experience. Simply put, Experiential Learning is learning from experience. The experience can be staged or left open. Aristotle once said, For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. David A. Kolb helped to popularize the idea of experiential learning, drawing heavily on the work of joke Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget. His work on experiential learning has contributed greatly to expanding the philosophy of experiential education.Experiential learning focuses on the learning process for the individual. An example of experiential learning is going to the zoo and learning through observation and interaction with the zoo environment, as opposed to reading about animals from a book. Experiential learning requires no te acher and relates solely to the meaning making process of the individuals direct experience. However, though the gaining of knowledge is an inherent process that occurs naturally, for a genuine learning experience to occur, there must exist certain elements.According to David Kolb, an American educational theorist, knowledge is ceaselessly gained through both personal and environmental experiences. He states that in order to gain genuine knowledge from an experience, certain abilities are required 1. the learner must be willing to be actively involved in the experience 2. the learner must be able to reflect on the experience 3. the learner must possess and use analytical skills to conceptualize the experience and 4. The learner must possess decision making and problem solving skills in order to use the new ideas gained from the experience.Experiential learning can be a highly effective educational method. It engages the learner at a more personal level by addressing the needs and w ants of the individual. Experiential learning requires qualities such as self-initiative and self-evaluation. For experiential learning to be truly effective, it should employ the full-length learning wheel, from goal setting, to experimenting and observing, to reviewing, and finally action planning. This complete process allow ins one to learn new skills, new attitudes or even entirely new ways of thinking.Most educators understand the important role experience plays in the learning process. A fun learning environment, with plenty of laughter and respect for the learners abilities, also fosters an effective experiential learning environment. It is vital that the individual is encouraged to directly involve themselves in the experience, in order that they gain a better understanding of the new knowledge and retain the information for a longer time. As stated by the ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius, tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand.According to learning consultants, experiential learning is about creating an experience where learning can be facilitated. How do you create a well-crafted learning experience? The key lies in the facilitator and how he or she facilitates the learning process. An excellent facilitator believes in the creed You teach some by what you say, teach more by what you do, but most of all, you teach most by who you are. And while it is the learners experience that is most important to the learning process, it is also important not to forget the wealth of experience a good facilitator also brings to the situation.An effective experiential facilitator is one who is passionate about his or her work and is able to immerse participants totally in the learning situation, allowing them to gain new knowledge from their peers and the environment created. These facilitators stimulate the imagination, keeping participants hooked on the experience. Creating an experiential learning environm ent can be challenging for educators who have been taught through traditional classroom techniques. Identifying activities that allow learners to understand and absorb concepts can be a new and daunting experience.However, by providing direct experience in addition to standard written and optic materials, learners with different types of learning styles and strengths can be accommodated. Sudbury model of democratic education schools assert that much of the learning going on in their schools, including values, justice, democracy, arts and crafts, professions, and oft academic subjects, is done by learning through experience. Summary Science can be defined as the systematic observation and classification of natural phenomena in order to learn about them and bring them under general principles and laws.Science has been part of man in time past and has even become more of mans life in recent years. The usefulness of science can be seen by the things around us the roads, bridges, cars, computers, refrigerators etc. The selection and study of some aspects of science as a whole is what is termed as integrated science. To defend the study of integrated science and science as a whole in schools, Canon Wilson, a famous educationist in 1867, wrote, Science teaches what evidence is, what proof is. According to Prakash (2011), Science learning is incomparably more useful for our guidance in life.Many researchers are of the view that, learning is best mute when it is experienced as stated by the ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius, tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand. According to David Kolb, an American educational theorist, knowledge is continuously gained through both personal and environmental experiences. Also, Aristotle once said, For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. According to learning consultants, experiential learning is about creating an experience where learning can be facilitated.An excellent facilitator believes in the creed You teach some by what you say, teach more by what you do, but most of all, you teach most by who you are. This chapter talks about the research design that the researcher used in solving the problem, the population and take in solution, research instruments, data collection procedure and data analysis plan. It also describes the type of research used in the study. It also involves the method of data collection, pre-Intervention, intervention and post- intervention stages.Research design Research design is a plan which specifies how data relating to a given problem should be collected and analyzed. It provides the procedural epitome for conduct of any given investigation. The research design used is an action research design which is directed towards solving a specific problem at the classroom level. This type of research is usually undertaken by either a teacher or group of teachers in a school to solve a peculiar problem in the classroom or in the school as a whole. The design makes work very easier and simpler.This is due to the fact that, it does not involve inconveniences such as travelling etc. The design deals with a particular group of people in a given area concerned and helps to solve the problems which specifically affect him/her. Action research also helps the teacher to understand what actually goes on in teaching and learning situations. It is important in the sense that, it does not only enhance teachers professional status but also promotes teachers personal improvement of his/her practices. It is through action research that the teacher can evaluate his or her teaching effectively.Action research is also conducted with the purpose of solving classroom or topical anaesthetic school problems through the application of the scientific method. Moreover action research helps teachers to understand better, all aspects of their practices in relation to the subject content, the curri culum, and the methods that are more appropriate to the levels of pupils in their class. Finally, action research helps teachers to be equipped with knowledge on the various approaches or methods that they can use to suit the children they teach.In spite of the defined strength, the results of the design cannot be generalized. This is because the design does not cover a wide range of people and it seeks to detect and solve a problem affecting a particular group of people. This tends to be a weakness on the part of the action research. Population and sampling selection A population of 113 pupils at the junior high school was used for the study at Mampamhwe M/A JHS in the Obuasi Municipal Assembly. Though this number at the junior high school was considered, JHS 2 class was sampled for the study.The average age of the sampled class was fourteen (14) years. The table below shows the distribution of the sampled class. Table 3. 1 Distribution of pupils gender Gender build Percentage (%) Boys 16 44 Girls 20 56 Total 36 100 This class was chosen for the research because the researcher was assigned to teach Integrated Science in that class. Research Instruments I used two main strategies to detect how pupils learnt science. I initially had with pupils an oral discussion on a science topic and afterwards asked pupils oral questions on it.An exercise was later given to pupils based on the same topic discussed. Discussion The discussion method was aimed at finding out how pupils understand the principles of a topic if orally narrated and discussed in class. Discussion method stimulates critical thinking. Frequent questions whether asked by the researcher or the pupils, provide means of measuring learning and exploring in-depth the key concepts of the course. During discussions, pupils answers to questions could help the researcher to determine whether they have experienced what they are saying or they just read them from books. bring The purpose of the class exe rcise was to allow pupils to freely express themselves in the way they understood the topic that has just been taught. Pupils answers to questions will give the researcher the idea on how best they understand a topic when orally discussed with them. It also gives the researcher a clearer idea of how pupils think science is. Whether they think science is a written down facts that can never be tampered with or they think science is everything that goes on around them and they can verify each and every aspect of it. Data Collection Procedure Pre-Intervention StageA lesson on corrosion and rusting from page 25 of pupils text book was selected and delivered by discussion method. Pupils had the basic concept of corrosion and rusting but could not different between the two. The factors responsible for rusting to occur were also discussed and few points were written for pupils to copy. From pupils answers given during the discussion, the researcher observed that pupils knew that rusting occ urs on metals when they are left in the rain but cannot exactly tell what is responsible for it. This was explained to pupils. An exercise was then conducted to see how pupils understood the lesson.The exercise required pupils to state whether or not an iron can rust if it was kept a) under a bed b) on the ceiling c) in hot water d) inside a refrigerator e) in a hot water with oil spilt on the surface. Though pupils contributions to the discussion were favorable, about fourth of the class was able to score 3 out of 5 in the exercise. This showed that, pupils may have understood what was taught in the class but cannot apply it in real life situations. I looked at the exercise and recorded pupils correct answers without marking so that pupils could not tell whether they were correct or wrong.Besides that, there might have been some pupils in the class whose attention was somewhere else or did not understand what was been discussed but since most of the class were contributing, the res earcher took it that, the whole class was contributing to the discussion. In practical lessons, this problem cannot be overlooked. Intervention Stage The class was divided into four (4) groups and each group was given an experiment to carry out. Each group was given three (3) new iron nails. The first group was asked to put their nails into a plastic or rubber container, cover it and place it under a bed for a week.The second group was asked to add water to their nails in a plastic container and place it inside the school refrigerator. The container should be left open. The third group was asked to also put their nails in boiled water, cover it and keep it for a week. The fourth group was also asked to place their nails into boiled water, pour oil on the surface and cover it tightly. After a week, pupils presented their experiments to the class and explained to the class the apparatus used for the experiment and what happened at the end of the experiment.Each member of the group had his/her own written report of how he/she power saw the experiment go. One member of each group does the presentation with the other group members standing behind him/her. After the explanation, questions are thrown to the group and the other members are to answer. Some of the nails rusted whilst others did not. The absence of atmospheric oxygen in the boiled water covered with oil did not allow those nails to rust. So besides the fourth groups setup, the rest of the setups caused the nails to rust due to the battlefront of oxygen or moisture. Post-Intervention StageThe class exercise that was given to pupils during the pre-intervention stage was again given to pupils to answer again. This time the researcher marked the exercise and saw many changes as compared to the answers they wrote before the intervention stage. Many wrong answers pupils wrote in the first exercise were corrected. Limitations Many problems may militate against this study but the few ones I would like to enume rate here include 1. Problem of finance The researcher will have to travel to other tertiary institutions to use their libraries if the researchers local library cannot provide the necessary books needed.Money will also be spent to buy airtime and data bundles to enable research on the World Wide Web. Without money, all these cannot be possible. 2. Time factor The time at the disposal of the researcher is very limited and for that matter may not permit such an intensive coverage. Also there might be other written documents which may contain detailed information about this research work but due to the limited time available to the researcher, he may not review those documents.

Martha Graham Essay Example for Free

Martha Graham EssayYes, I would do that. I had found my fate. (Hari 70) Daoud Hari is a man that travels in and by of Darfur umteen, more times putting himself at risk. He was willing to risk his admit life while many others think only of themselves. Bra genuinely is not something many people ar born with. Some people may obtain it and some do not. Martha Graham is one of the people that did obtain bravery, and it was a very strong bravery that is very r ar to find. Martha Grahams dancing and choreography exposed the depths of human emotion through movements that were sharp, angular, jagged, and direct. (Martha Graham Dancers Journal) Martha Graham experimented with many different movements and many different way of lifes so her dancing was very different from the dance movement people were or so comfortable with. Many people criticized her and told her that her work was too out of the ordinary. If Graham ever gave birth, one critic equipped, it would be to a cube. (The Dancer) No effect what critics said, she kept going. Martha Graham was an innovative and focused individual. Her love of dance was so intense she refused to leave the stage when critics said she was too old.Thats the type of bravery people need, the bravery to keep doing something that one conceptualizes in when the majority is against them. Daoud Haris bravery is similar to Martha Grahams. Daoud Hari had to learn to accept what faculty happen to him if he kept returning to Darfur. Sometimes it is difficult to accept the fate, but Daoud Hari was willing to accept the hypothesis of death if it meant he could change the way people viewed Darfur. No single group held the territory. on that point was no one to call for permission to come through. This is when it is most dangerous to travel. (Hari 122) Daoud Hari perpetually had to get where he needed to be.No matter what the circumstances were at the time, he provided as much information as possible to the reporters traveling wi th him to get the word out to the highest degree Darfur. Armed with his ability to speak Zaghawa, Arabic, and English he was able to translate for the news and aid organizations. Even though the government of Sudan had outlawed journalists to the region, Daoud Hari risked the possibility of capture and even death. This is complete bravery- to accept something that could happen any moment of any day at any time. Heroes need to confuse trust in themselves. Martha Graham always had trust in herself no matter what she did.Most of her works she created were based on a historical or emotional feeling. There are always ancestral footsteps behind me, pushing me, when I am creating a new dance, and gestures are flowing through me. Whether good or bad, they are ancestral. (Yaari) The dances with a historic background behind them were called the Greek cycle. These dances were the ones that officially made her famous. The movements in them were so empowering people were shocked after experie ncing them. The reason people bid them was because they related so much to how harsh history had been to society in the past and how it might be in the future.Serious issues such as the bully Depression and the Spanish Civil War were brought to the stage along with the dark emotions experienced by all. If she had never followed her brain, heart, or spirit then none of these dances would have come alive. Trusting in herself was a key factor in the making of many of her works. Martha Graham, much akin Daoud Hari, had to find a way to believe in herself and take dance to the next level whether based on her gut feeling or her spirit regardless of what people thought of her. Daoud Hari always followed his gut.Whenever he saw people in pain, he would trust his gut and try and help the people in need no matter who they were or what they believed in. The commander ordered a soldier to go get him some food, but I said that he must not eat our engaging of food, that someone must go into town and get him an American-style sandwich that a white man could eat, and a coke or Pepsi. There was an argument slightly the cost of this, but I assured the commander that our food would kill this man, and I truly believed that he was not strong enough for anything but his own food. (Hari 160) Daoud Hari is one of the few in the world that could actually tell a guard to go get another prisoner food because the prisoner looked like he was about to die. Trusting his gut that the guard would do it is about 99% of the battle that he had to face. It was not getting the prisoners food it was standing up to the guard and saying that he will die if he does not have an American- style meal. Martha Graham and Daoud Hari are two heroes in their own way. They both have confidence, bravery, and trust in themselves, which are the necessary traits that a hero needs to be a true hero.In the world there are people who see bad things being done to people and do not do anything about it and there are people who do something about the bad things being done. This is essential because Daoud Hari and Martha Graham both helped the people that needed to be helped. Martha Graham helped dancers develop a new style that they might like better than ballet, providing a wider spectrum to choose from. Daoud Hari helped numerous news reporters get into Darfur and get back out safely with what they wanted and what they needed to know about what is casualty in Darfur.